小麦航天诱变育种效果研究

利用返回式卫星搭载两个小麦品种（系）种子进行空间诱变处理，对SP2代农艺性状变异效果进行了分析。结果表明，两个品种（系）的农艺性状均发生了变异，但株系内变异多数为不显著。两个品种（系）的诱变率和性状的变异方向存在差异，豫农201的诱变率高于大粒1号；大粒1号变异株系的性状指标多数为增加，豫农201变异株系的性状指标多数为减少。性状间的诱变率具有差异，株高和粒重的诱变率明显高于其它性状     

安徽中籼稻主要产量因子结构研究

以安徽省2000—2005年的中籼稻区域试验和联合鉴定试验的424个品种(组合)为材料,对产量性状作了相关分析及主成份分析。分析结果表明:产量和每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈极显著正相关,与有效穗呈显著正相关,每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率与有效穗呈极显著负相关,千粒重与有效穗呈负相关。所以在中籼品种(组合)的高产育种中,应以选每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数为主攻目标,即要选育穗大粒多型品种,不必过于追求有效穗和千粒重。穗实粒数、产量与全生育期存在一定的正相关关系,但不显著,即生育期短的品种(组合)也可以实现高产。主成份分析也表明穗实粒数、穗总粒数是高产育种主攻的关键。并在分析基础上提出了中籼稻品种(组合)高产育种策略建议,为中籼新品种(组合)的选育提供参考。     

甘蔗产量构成因素与产量的关系

对32个甘蔗品种或组合的产量构成因素与产量的相关、回归、通径关系和鲜蔗产量估测差异进行分析，结果表明：茎高与有效茎呈极显著正相关；茎高、有效茎与鲜蔗产量呈极显著正相关；除茎径外，其余二性状与产量的偏相关系数为极显著正相关，偏回归系数达极显著水平。茎径、茎高、有效茎对产量的直接通径效应除茎径外，其余均为较高正值，但以茎高最高，有效茎次之。因此，若想得到产量较高的甘蔗品种，固定其余因素，选择植株高大的对提高鲜蔗产量效果较佳；以有效茎为选择指标时，可在茎较高选择鲜蔗产量较高的材料。以茎高、茎径和有效茎计算理论值来估测鲜蔗产量的经验公式（Y＝1896．3107＋0．690DX1^2X2X3),理论上是可行的。     

Study of stomatal parameters for selection of drought resistant varieties in Triticum durum DESF

An analysis was made of the stomatal apparatus of the leaves of five Italian durum wheat varieties, grown under different natural rainfall regimes.Rainfall had a significant influence on both development of the leaves and frequency and size of the stomata. Results were examined with respect to yield stability. Correlations between examined traits were calculated.     

Field performance of natural narrow-leafed lupin from the northwestern Spain

Summary Narrow-leafed lupin or lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is one of the three species of the genus Lupinus that grows naturally in Galicia (northwestern Spain). In this region, with more than one million of cattle heads, almost 20% of Spanish total, there is no cultivation of any protein legume for feed. Lupins are widely used as a source of protein and energy in livestock feed and would contribute to the supply of vegetable protein at low cost. A 2-year study of natural narrow-leafed lupin germplasm was conducted under winter Mediterranean conditions in northwestern Spain. Fifty-nine wild populations and two cultivars developed in Poland were evaluated for major morphological, phenological, and agronomical characteristics. The objectives were to assess the agronomic potential of this germplasm for the future production and breeding, and to know the relationships among populations studied. Lupin populations showed significant differences for most of the traits studied. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for plant height, green and dry mass, pod length, seeds per pod, seed length and width, and water permeability of seed coat, indicating that some genotypes were better fitted to a specific environment than others. Three narrow-leafed lupin populations (LUP-0098, LUP-0138 and LUP-0200) were identified with suitable agronomical characteristics for their possible future cultivation in the region and breeding purposes. The accession LUP-0138 presented the best behaviour for seed production. These results open the way for the winter narrow-leafed lupin to become a promising crop in the future for the northwestern Spain.     

The effect of introgressions of wheat D-genome chromosomes into 'Presto' triticale

Hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBRR) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBDD) differ in their R and D-genomes. This produces differences in both agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Our objective was to determine how introgressions of individual chromosomes from the D-genome of wheat affect these characteristics of a winter triticale 'Presto'. We studied the effects of 18 D-genome chromosome substitution lines, 15 sib-lines as controls, and five check cultivars at Lincoln, NE in 1996, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The experiment was repeated at Lincoln and Mead, NE in 1997 and 1998 with 15 substitution lines that survived the first winter in Lincoln, along with their 12 control sibs and five check cultivars. Few D-genome chromosomes had positive effects. Chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 6D significantly reduced plant height when substituted for 2R, 4B, and 6R, respectively. No grain yield increases were associated with any of the D-genome chromosomes tested, but three substitutions decreased the grain yield. Depending on the allele of the hardness gene present, chromosome 5D increased or decreased kernel hardness when substituted for 5R or 5A, respectively. Introgressions of chromosomes 1D and 6D improved end-use quality characteristics of Presto. These results suggest that apart from beneficial effects of individual loci located on the D-genome chromosomes, no major benefit can be expected from D-genome chromosome substitutions.     

不同浓度多效唑对烟苗生长发育的影响

为探索多效唑对烤烟壮苗培育的影响,以‘湘烟3号’为材料,当烟苗处于大十字期时,用不同浓度的多效唑进行喷施处理,研究了烟苗农艺性状和生理特性的变化。结果表明:喷施不同浓度多效唑可明显降低烟苗的株高、最大叶面积,增加茎粗,提高根冠比和干鲜比,同时烟苗根系活力、叶绿素、可溶性糖均极显著增加,SOD和POD活性也明显提高,丙二醛含量减少,其中以100mg/L多效唑处理农艺性状和生理特性综合表现最优,较之CK,株高和最大叶面积分别缩小了3.2cm、17.7cm2,茎粗、根冠比、干鲜比上升了12.1%、56.1%、24.7%;根系活力、叶绿素、可溶性糖提高了50.8%、41.9%、33.0%;SOD和POD活性增加了0.38、0.32倍;丙二醛含量减少1.687nmol/g。说明喷施多效唑能有效抑制烟苗地上部分的生长,促进根系生长和根茎叶协调生长,有利于培育壮苗。     

棉花数量性状遗传与QTL定位研究进展

棉花许多重要的性状多为数量性状。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后QTL研究进行了展望。     

Inheritance and relationships of important agronomic traits in almond

The inheritance of 16 important agronomic traits and its relationship were studied for four years in a population of 167 almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] seedlings obtained from a cross between the French selection ‘R1000’ (‘Tardy Nonpareil’ × ‘Tuono’) and the Spanish cultivar ‘Desmayo Largueta’. For some traits (blooming and leafing date) descendants segregated between the value of both progenitors, meanwhile for others the mean of the offspring was lower (bloom density, productivity and ripening date) or higher (in-shell/kernel ratio and double kernels). As expected, kernel bitterness and self-incompatibility behaved as monogenic traits. Some important correlations between traits were detected. The implications of the transmission and the correlation of these traits in the breeding programmes are discussed.     

粤甜9号种植密度对产量及效益的影响

以超甜玉米粤甜 9号为材料 ,研究不同密度对产量及种植效益的关系。结果表明 ,适宜密度应在 4 80 0 0～ 5 4 0 0 0株 hm2 ,过高或过低都会影响鲜苞商品性状、产量及经济效益。最适宜栽培密度在 4 80 0 0株 hm2 ,此时鲜苞商品率好 ,产量和种植效益均较高。